This article examines the relationship between gender and cancer survivorship. I argue that gender is as critical as a category of analysis for understanding cancer survivorship as it is missing from survivorship studies, particularly as concerns the identificatory basis of survivor culture and clinical studies regarding survivors' quality of life (QOL). This under-studied question of the gendering of survivorship is critical because the consequences of the social production of disease is far-reaching, from the nature of medical research to social awareness, to funding to the well-being of cancer survivors themselves.
[EN] The various organisations engaged in research on solid fuels and related products in Great Britain are listed together with a general outline of the problems which they handle. There are two main lines of research-those aimed at improving methods for the primary production of coal, and those dealing with the efficiency of the various methods of utilisation and processing including the upgrading of by-products. The piecemeal structure of the organisations in relation to the nature of their research, is interpreted as a survival of the period when coal was plentiful and cheap. This is explained in a preliminary section in which an historical account is given of the formation of the different organisations, which are controlled variously by Government Departments, by nationalised industries, and by co-operative organisations composed of the producers of coal, coke and tar and industrial bodies concerned with their utilisation. Nationalisation of the industries engaged in the production of coal, of gas, and of electricity, has given a fresh impetus to the scope and effort which is devoted to fuel research. The National Coal Board, although only formed in 1947, has already set up two Research Establishments dealing with a wide range of problems, and, in addition, it carries out a good deal of research and development in the field through the various activities of the Scientific Control organisation. The cost of this work carried out directly by the coal producing industry is probably some £ 1 1/2million per annum. The total expenditure disclosed by all public and semi-public bodies added to the undisclosed amounts spent by private industry has been estimated at some £ 5 million per annum. This, however, is still only a small proportion of the total annual revenue of the coal and associated industries which is of the order of £ 1,000 million. ; [ES] Se pasa revista a las diversas organizaciones inglesas dedicadas a la investigación sobre combustibles sólidos y productos con ellos relacionados, y se describen esquemáticamente los problemas estudiados en cada una de aquéllas. Existen dos líneas principales de investigación: problemas sobre el mejoramiento de los métodos de producción primaria del carbón, y cuestiones relacionadas con el rendimiento de los diversos métodos de utilización y transformación, incluida la valoración de subproductos. La actual estructura de las organizaciones en relación con la naturaleza de sus investigaciones se interpreta como una reliquia del período en que el carbón era abundante y barato, dándose en un apartado previo una breve noticia histórica sobre la formación de las diferentes organizaciones, controladas por departamentos gubernamentales, por industrias nacionalizadas y por organizaciones corporativas formadas por los productores de carbón, coque y gas y por entidades industriales a quienes interesa la utilización de estos productos. La nacionalización de las industrias de producción de carbón, gas y electricidad dio un fuerte impulso al alcance y esfuerzo dedicados a la investigación sobre combustibles. La National Coal Board, aunque data solamente de 1947, ha instituido ya dos Establecimientos de Investigación que se ocupan de un amplio campo de problemas y, además, lleva a cabo una investigación bastante extensa sobre el terreno a través de varias actividades de la organización del Control Científico. El costo de este trabajo realizado directamente por la industria de producción de carbón es probablemente del orden del millón y medio de libras anuales. El gasto total efectuado por todas las entidades públicas y semipúblicas, más el importe de las cantidades no reveladas gastadas por las industrias privadas, se estima en unos cinco millones de libras por año. Sin embargo, esto supone todavía sólo una pequeña proporción de los ingresos anuales de las industrias del carbón y asociadas, que es de unos mil millones de libras. ; Peer reviewed
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.